At his age he would def understand the concept of the gro-clock. We used one with my son at 22 months and he got it straight away although it took a little while for him to accept it
There is a lock function so even if he did play with it it would still work.
It does sound like OT setting in.
If he is having no nap then he needs to go to bed much earlier so ideally no more than 11.5 hours after waking. I appreciate that that is tricky. Can you AP a nap?
How are you settling him atm? I must say that transitions like this can be rough and IMO a firm approach is best i.e. a consistent bedtime routine and always returning him to his room straight away. Have you got a stair gate?