Thanks for your response!
Yes, he is usually able to fall asleep independently, especially if he's drowsy or very calm. That's what makes this so confusing for me -- usually the problem is that they can't fall asleep on their own, so you teach them that, and then they start sleeping through the night! Or so I thought.
Re: reflux, I am starting to reach the conclusion that it never was reflux after all, and that it's just teething pain. I am giving him ibuprofen for it and I just ordered one of those amber necklaces for him, to see if it helps. The last 2 nights, I have needed to give him iburpofen in the middle of the night, which tells me the pain is pretty significant. But I also know that the teeth may not break through for another few months, so we might be in this for the long haul.
When he wakes up after 45 minutes, he is groggy for a minute or two and then quickly becomes smiley. We did have a couple of longer naps (1-1.5 hrs) over the last two days, so maybe this means that he is learning to consolidate them...
First thing tomorrow morning I will post his eating/sleeping for the last 3 days (I'm not home right now). It has been pretty irregular. And his bedtimes are waaaaaaay too late. But I can't figure out how to get him to sleep earlier. Usually if I try to settle him in a darkened room, he freaks out. We have been attributing this to teething pain, but sometimes I think that he just wants to socialize/be held.
He has been waking more and more often at night. Last night he settled at 9:15 and woke me up at 11:15, 12:30, 3:30, 5, 6, and up for the day at 7:30. Needless to say, I am feeling tired.
Thanks again for your response and I will post more tomorrow morning.