Ouch, that is an awful night! You have my every sleepy sympathy, my DD (4 mo) did similar a few nights this week. For her I think it was a combination of growth spurt and developmental stuff & possibly teething too.
I honestly don't know whether his bad night is down to the day sleep before or something else. Yes, usually better day sleep gives a better night. My DD has sometimes been a bit disrupted at night if she has a mega nap e.g. 3hrs but usually too much day sleep gives her early waking or long but happy night wakings, not short, sad frequent ones (I can't remember what DS did but he wasn't good at napping so I don't think too much day sleep was ever an issue for him!)
Sometimes they just have a bad night or two for other reasons e.g. Growth spurt, teeth, illness, wind, developmental spurts (wonder weeks). If it were me, I would give it another day or 2 continuing as you are in the day (with extra tea & chocolate for you & your DH!) & see what happens.